by RNS | Dec 15, 2024 | Beating Tsundoku
Angus Konstam, Borneo 1945 (Osprey, 2024)
It was perhaps inevitable that Borneo would fall under Japanese control as they extended their Asian empire in the opening stages of World War II. They took the island in early 1942, but by late 1944, it was obvious that the Japanese empire was receding under Allied pressure. In October 1944, the Australians accepted the mission of retaking Borneo, which led to a series of amphibious assaults in May 1945. The campaign would last three months and cost 2,000 Australian lives. But was it worth it? In this new addition to Osprey’s Campaign series, the prolific Angus Konstam gets to the heart of the matter while telling a compelling story.
Konstam begins with the decision to retake Borneo and the planning that went into the operation. In his comparison of the commanders and forces involved on both sides, Konstam highlights the Australian advantages, particularly in resources and logistics, over an isolated Japanese force that was further separated by the internal geography of the massive island. The Japanese also did not know where the assault would arrive so had to distribute their forces, while the Australians held the initiative. The Japanese plan, therefore, was not to oppose the landings but withdraw into the hills from where they could counter-attack or make a last stand. And that is how all the Australian landings played out to varying degrees. Konstam narrates the landings at Tarakan, British Borneo, and Balikpapan, working his way through the preparatory bombardments, the steady drive inland against light opposition, and then the fierce fighting that ensued when the last Japanese position had been reached. In the end, the island fell to a superior Australian ground force backed by US muscle at sea and in the air. Konstam acknowledges the political and military victory though he argues it was not worth the wasted manpower to achieve it.
This is an informative and entertaining overview, Konstam seldom lets his readers down in that regard, and it is a story worth telling. Konstam covers the main events and sets them in their operational and strategic context. He is ably supported by excellent maps and photographs, and the colour illustrations of combat add flavour. Those who enjoy reading about the war against Japan will want to add this to their collection, but any student of World War II will gain a useful insight into the closing stages of the war in the Far East, and they can decide for themselves if the invasion of Borneo was worth the sacrifice.
by RNS | Nov 29, 2024 | Beating Tsundoku
Justin Williamson, Son Tay 1970 (Osprey, 2024)
It sounds like a simple enough proposition; take some hand-picked men deep into enemy territory and rescue a few dozen prisoners of war. In 1970, the US military decided to do just that by staging a raid into North Vietnam to assault a compound at Son Tay. But that proposition was far from simple and would require a complex support operation as well as a clockwork attack on the compound. There was only one problem, but it was a big one.
Williamson begins with an overview of the increasing number of US POWs held in North Vietnam by 1970, their maltreatment, and the efforts to retrieve them. The US conducted aerial searches for POW camps and zeroed in on a likely candidate for a rescue mission at Son Tay, northwest of Hanoi. Williamson outlines the debate in the US military on how a rescue mission might be conducted. Once the army had decided how to do it, a force was selected, and training began on an audacious plan that required precision timing for the raid and the highest level of interservice cooperation and support. The US knew that Son Tay was a well-guarded compound with a secondary building nearby, which they were less sure about. Moreover, a late intelligence flight suggested that something was ‘off’ about Son Tay, but by then, the mission was set to go. On the following night, 21 November 1970, the green light was given.
The mission consisted of one team on a helicopter that would crash land inside the compound before they assaulted the guards and rescued the POWs, while the rest of the teams landed outside the compound to provide support and interdict any rescue attempt. Meanwhile, the Navy and Air Force would conduct diversionary bombing missions and provide air cover. The plan was executed almost perfectly despite a couple of hiccups that usually happen on night-time missions. However, the biggest problem the rescuers found was that there was no one to rescue! The POWs had been moved months before the mission. It was a frustrated raiding party that flew home, though thankfully with no casualties other than a broken ankle and general disappointment. They returned to a political firestorm over the raid and its apparent failure, but the military view was that while this might have been an intelligence failure, it was worth the effort for morale purposes and to show it could be done.
Justin Williamson tells a fascinating story, and an important one in the development of special forces operations. In a relatively slim volume, he covers all the bases very well, though I would have liked to see more first-hand accounts from those involved. He is supported by the customary high quality Osprey maps and artwork; the latter being atmospheric rather than informative, but the illustrations fit the text. Readers of the Vietnam War and special operations will enjoy this very much.
by RNS | Nov 22, 2024 | Beating Tsundoku
Benjamin Lai & Zhao Guoxing, Ground Forces in the Korean War 1950-53 (1) (Osprey, 2024)
It is often called the Forgotten War, the clash of communist forces against the United Nations forces in Korea between 1950 and 1953. Far from being a marginalised story in our history books, however, this war was often a desperate struggle with enormous consequences for the political alignment in the Far East after World War II. But what of the soldiers who fought this war? In this Osprey Men-at-Arms series volume Benjamin Lai and Zhao Guoxing survey the North Korean People’s Army and the Chinese People’s Volunteer Army.
The authors trace the origins of the KPA to before World War II, though it became a fully recognised army in 1948. The KPA was heavily backed by the Soviet Union, which was reflected in their organisation and weaponry; it only used T-34 tanks, for example. The KPA’s tactics were not just the ‘meat waves’ you might expect, according to the authors, they used infiltration, concealment, and envelopment to ‘squeeze’ the enemy to disintegration. For communications, KPA soldiers used white flares and bugles because they lacked radios, the psychological impact on the enemy was a bonus. The authors describe the initial offensive by the KPA in the Korean War as a ‘blitzkrieg’. They overwhelmed surprised Republic of Korea units, but they in turn were surprised by General MacArthur’s Inchon landings and were destroyed partly by air power but also through lack of supplies and inadequate training. After their collapse, the KPA rebuilt successfully, though that took time, and by then, the Chinese had taken over the communist war effort. The Chinese People’s Volunteer Army (PVA) did not lack for soldiers, but it needed Soviet air support and armour. Nevertheless, this was a disciplined army that surprised the UN forces, argue Lai and Guoxing. They too lacked some logistical support, and it was June 1951 before they received their trademark padded uniforms and ushanka hats. The PVA tactics were similar to the KPA, with emphasis on striking vulnerable points and getting into the rear of the enemy. Despite massive casualties, the PVA were not afraid as some on the UN side expected they would be, conclude the authors, and the Chinese learned on the job to become a formidable adversary.
As with most of Osprey’s Men-at-Arms series, this one provides an informative narrative context and covers all the basics for the uniforms and weapons of the soldiers. The standard insertion of colour illustrations of the soldiers helps as does the descriptive text that accompanies the numerous photographs running through the text. Wargamers and modelers interested in the Korean War will enjoy this book and will surely look forward to the rest of the series.
by RNS | Nov 18, 2024 | Beating Tsundoku
Francois Gilbert, Gladiators 1st-5th centuries AD (Osprey, 2024)
Attending a gladiator fight was a Roman’s favourite activity, according to Francois Gilbert. Watching two men fight in peculiar armour, and carrying strange but lethal weapons, excited them like nothing else. In some ways, it still does, and many of our blood sports echo those ancient combats. But the gladiator shows, while standardised to some extent, changed with the times over the Imperial period. Francois Gilbert’s new book describes the games and the people who often risked everything in the name of entertainment.
Gilbert begins by discussing Augustus’s reforms of the gladiator system, bringing it under imperial control. Marcus Aurelius in the mid-2nd Century instituted reforms that made gladiatorial combat less lethal, but that only lasted until the reign of Commodus who ushered in an era of severe brutality. Valentinian ended gladiator games in the early 5th Century. From that overview, we can see that gladiator fights were subject to evolution and change. That applied to almost every aspect. Gilbert moves on to the gladiators. Unsurprisingly, most of them were slaves or the condemned. However, there were volunteers and even some all-female fights took place. Whatever their origin, gladiators were subject to severe discipline, though they were otherwise well treated and well fed, according to Gilbert. The different types of gladiators follow. There were fifteen specialities armed and equipped to provide balanced match-ups in the ring. Gilbert works through them, describing how they fought and how they changed over time. A thorough survey of clothing, including armour, and weapons concludes Gilbert’s book.
Gilbert’s survey of Imperial gladiators is entertaining and informative, and sometimes surprising. He covers all the bases readers will need to develop a more nuanced understanding of this bloodiest of all blood sports. Gilbert also provides a useful bibliography for those who want more. Moreover, the source photographs and artistic renditions of gladiators fit the text like no other Osprey book I have read – figure painters will love this book. My quibbles were the author referring to previous books he has written and a lack of conclusion to wrap things up, but those are minor issues. If you are interested in gladiators, you will enjoy this book.
by RNS | Nov 17, 2024 | Beating Tsundoku
Mark Lardas, Warships in the Komandorski Islands 1943 (Osprey, 2024)
Naval warfare changed irrevocably during World War II as air power came to the fore, particularly in the Pacific theatre. Surface engagements still took place, though mostly at night when warplanes could not operate effectively. The battle between US and Japanese ships that took place near the Komandorski Islands on the morning of 26 March 1943 was, however, an exception to the rule. In this Osprey book in the New Vanguard series, Mark Lardas takes us inside a fascinating fight and an implausible American victory.
The battle of the Komandorski Islands occurred against the backdrop of Japanese efforts to resupply its forces in the Aleutian Islands. In March 1943, the Imperial Japanese Navy escorted transport vessels on their resupply mission, while a US force attempted to intercept them. Lardas compares the technical aspects of the two fleet of cruisers and destroyers, noting that the Americans had radar – the IJN did not – and superior damage control processes; both would prove crucial for the outcome of the battle. The Japanese heavily outnumbered the Americans, but that did not prevent bold action by Vice-Admiral McMorris to go after the transports. The firing started at 06:40, but it soon became clear that McMorris had bitten off more than he could chew, but while he succeeded in deterring the transports, he decided to withdraw behind a smoke screen, resulting in a running fight as the Japanese pursued. However, after nearly four hours, the Japanese turned away, fearing a potential US air assault. McMorris was lauded for his victory in preventing the Japanese resupply, while the Japanese Vice-Admiral Hosogaya Boshiro was shamed and demoted for his ’cowardice’. Lardas notes that although thousands of rounds were fired along with many torpedoes, few direct hits landed and there were very few casualties. He concludes that the Americans benefitted from radar and superior damage control but ultimately luck was on their side.
This a slim volume on a relatively small fleet action, but Lardas provides useful insights into WWII naval warfare. He illustrates how confusion and partial knowledge affected decisions and outcomes, and how accidents and misunderstandings could prove potentially fatal for ships in combat. Lardas’s account is detailed, and Osprey’s artwork and photographic illustrations assist his text, though there is no graphic map, which felt odd for this kind of book. This is a quick but informative and entertaining read that will appeal to anyone interested in the Pacific theatre and WWII naval warfare.
