by RNS | Jun 27, 2021 | Beating Tsundoku
Ian Baxter, H*tl*r’s Heavy Tiger Tank Battalions 1942-1945 (Pen & Sword, 2020)
The Tiger was arguably the most feared tank in World War II. Grouped together into battalions, they could deliver a devastating blow. But they could not win the war on their own, or even a battle, and they were vulnerable to mechanical breakdowns and Allied countermeasures such as anti-tank weapons and aircraft. Every tank that entered combat, therefore, had a support network of men and machines to keep it in the field. Ian Baxter’s latest work on the German army for the Images of War series accompanies the Tiger Battalions on their pursuit of a losing cause.
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After a quick outline of the Panzerwaffe in 1941/1942, and their foray into the Soviet Union, Baxter gets down to the business of discussing Tigers. The Tiger was the biggest German tank to date in April 1942, weighing in at 56 tons with thick armour and an 88mm gun, a powerful beast by any standards. They were also expensive and high maintenance, though 1,350 Tiger Is were manufactured during the War. Tigers were organized into heavy battalions to spearhead breakthroughs. And with that background established, Baxter moves into chapters narrating the Tigers in action, profusely illustrated, of course, with many photographs of the tanks and their support vehicles.
The Eastern Front and North Africa in 1942 and 1943 are considered first. Baxter notes that the introduction of Tigers could produce dramatic results locally, but they also struggled with poor roads and weak bridges. Moreover, in Africa, there were not enough of them to make a true difference in battle. The action in 1943 stays on the Eastern Front, but moves to Sicily from Africa, though that was a stepping stone back to Italy once Allied superiority began to tell. The Tiger was used in numbers at Kursk, but despite local successes, they could not break the Soviet defences. Tigers were also withdrawn to assist on other fronts as the Allied squeeze tightened.
1944 saw a new front open in the West while operations continued on the Eastern Front. The Tiger was by now mainly a defensive weapon, notes Baxter, and ad-hoc battlegroups were sent to prop up crumbling defences. But again, there were too few of them and replacements were hard to come by. Their movements were also restricted by Allied air power. The last year of the war found Tigers supporting the German defensive lines in Italy, but losses were unsustainable. They also helped squash Operation Market Garden in Holland, but again with losses they could not replace, and took the lead in the Ardennes Offensive, aided by the bigger Tiger IIs, but fuel shortages crippled them. On the Eastern Front, they were simply overwhelmed. Six short appendices close out Baxter’s book. They cover Tiger profiles with graphic artwork (disappointingly in monochrome rather than colour); battalion histories and markings; and battalion equipment and organization.
The Images of War series depends on a wide variety of quality photographs to make the book work. This volume has those in abundance, which will make modellers and wargamers happy. Baxter’s text is serviceable; it doesn’t have to be great, but Baxter’s sometimes uncritical approach towards the Germans gets a bit cloying at times, and for all the Tiger was a feared weapon, the Germans seemed to lose an awful lot of them. He also tends to waste caption space by stating the obvious. Nevertheless, those quibbles aside, this is an entertaining and informative book on an iconic tank that WWII enthusiasts will enjoy.
by RNS | Jun 26, 2021 | Beating Tsundoku
Mark C. Wilkins, British Fighter Aircraft in World War I (Casemate, 2021)
Most books on World War I warplanes focus on their effectiveness in combat or the experience of the pilots over the trenches. But how did the planes get there in the first place? Mark Wilkins tells the stories of the British designers and manufacturers who overcame considerable odds to build Britain’s air war capability. Along the way, we gain a new appreciation for these aircraft and for some of the men who keep the promise of these early machines alive for modern, but more peaceful, audiences.
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Designing and building fighters was an intensely competitive business, according to Wilkins, and in the years before the Great War, Britain lagged far behind Germany and France. The desire to participate changed rapidly with the realisation that Britain was no longer an island and air power was the coming force. Limited resources, and seemingly limited thinking, pushed Britain down a different path for aircraft design and manufacturing. Wilkins ponders the British aircraft industry at war, which had to produce quickly using a mostly untrained female workforce, resulting in simplified designs. It did not help that the Royal Navy and army were prioritised over aircraft production. Wilkins describes the production process in fine detail before embarking on a chapter by chapter review of the major aircraft producers, such as B&CAC, the Royal Aircraft Factory, Airco, Avro, and the Sopwith Aviation Company.
The main chapters are potted business histories in a way, detailing how the main characters became involved in the industry, their first planes, and the ones they were famous for with the necessary technical details added. Those iconic planes include the Bristol Bulldog, S.E.5a, AMC D.H.2, Avro 504, and Sopwith Camel. Wilkins also describes the various engines and props used on these planes. He adds some fascinating asides, such as General Henderson mandating that the Royal Aircraft Factory could not produce planes that flew over 100mph! Or Tom Sopwith using his sister’s sewing machine to sew the fabric coverings for his first planes. Wilkins concludes by reiterating his thesis of a dynamic aircraft industry springing to life when the Great War began, which was led by entrepreneurs who succeeded despite government restrictions. Their impact is still felt today. A couple of appendices close out Wilkins’ book: The 1915 Defence of the Realm Act and some Aircraft Designer Patents.
This is a book that hits you between the eyes from the first page with beautiful colour photographs of British warplanes in flight. They are supported throughout by monochrome photographs of the men and women built the planes, technical drawings, contemporary adverts for aircraft related products, and graphic art pictures. But it’s not really a book about the planes; rather, it is how they came to appear over the battlefields that interests Wilkins, something that adds to our understanding of how the War was fought. Arguably the stars of the book appear in the sidebars by David Bremner, John Shaw, John Gaertner, Kip Lankeneau, and John Saunders, who reconstruct these magnificent aircraft. Wilkins writes well, managing to balance technical detail with the stories of the men behind these planes. References to England instead of Britain are annoying for some of us, but that is a quibble for a book that is thoroughly enjoyable for those interested in World War I British warplanes.
by RNS | Jun 24, 2021 | Beating Tsundoku
Simon Elliott, Old Testament Warriors (Casemate, 2021)
In Old Testament Warriors, the prolific Simon Elliott surveys the civilizations of the Ancient Near East with his focus on military systems and developments. He covers almost all the bases and introduces readers to a fascinating list of characters and peoples.
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Elliott begins ‘in the beginning’ with the first attempts at organized warfare, going back into the neolithic period then stressing the importance of the city of Jericho’s defences as an evolutionary step in warfare. That leads him into the Sumerian civilization and growing evidence for warfare and armies. Then came Sargon the Great from Kish who brought Sumerian dominance to a violent end before a resurgence then a final demise in 2004 BCE. That led to the rise of Assyria and Babylon. However, it is to the Egyptians that Elliott turns next. He works through the Old Kingdom and into its neighbours, Nubia, Canaan, and Libya, but eschews later developments to avoid a collision with a companion volume on the later Egyptians.
Chapter 3 introduces the weapon synonymous with this era of warfare: the chariot. Elliott places the chariot military revolution in around 1690 BCE. The Hurrians and Hyksos were the first serious users of chariots in the Bronze Age, and Elliott goes into more detail on the Kingdom of Mitanni, the leading Hurrian kingdom. Coming away from the Near East, Elliott moves into Europe with the Minoans and Mycenaeans. It was the demise of the Mycenaeans among others that led to the mass migration of destructive groups known as the Sea Peoples from around 1230 BCE. They linked Europe to the Near East, and it is to there that Elliott returns to discuss the small but influential Hebrew Kingdoms and the Philistines.
One curious aspect of Hebrew warfare was the lack of chariots, which they made up for with surprise assaults often at night. The Hebrews joined together under the United Monarchy of the Israelites – Saul, David, and Solomon – who fought the Philistines with varied success. The Divided Monarchy followed in the first millennium BCE with war between Israel and Judea. It didn’t matter too much because both would fall, squashed between the rising and ruthless Assyrians and the powerful Egyptians. The Babylonians came next in a winner takes all battle at Carchemish in 605 BCE. They then dismantled Judea.
Elliott closes out his survey with a deeper look at the Hittites, Assyrians, and Babylonians, which were the major powers during the biblical period. He includes here the Battle of Kadesh in 1274 BCE, involving 6,000 chariots! The book ends with the defeat of Babylon by Cyrus the Great in 539 BCE. Elliott concludes with observations on the evolution of warfare in the biblical period and the importance of literacy in cultivating civilizations.
Old Testament Warriors is a solid survey of this period. Each chapter begins with an introduction, which is old-fashioned and a bit wasteful for a book this short, but the narrative and analysis flows quite seamlessly for the most part. Elliott’s writing is clear, as we have come to expect, and his text is supported by photographs of wargames figures, some general landscapes, and archaeological artefacts. The civilizations under Elliott’s gaze are viewed primarily through their military organisations, and we can follow the development of weapons and armour, though that may also be a product of greater archaeological evidence. I would have liked to have seen more references to the Holy Bible and a better bibliography for further exploration, but as a general introduction to this fascinating era of warfare, Old Testament Warriors will do the job.
by RNS | Jun 20, 2021 | Beating Tsundoku
Terry C Treadwell, Outlaws of the Wild West (Frontline, 2021)
The saloon doors swish open, the piano stops playing, and everyone goes silent and looks to see who has entered. It is the gunfighter, a notorious outlaw as seen on the Wanted Dead or Alive poster pinned outside the sheriff’s office. He is here for trouble, and you better keep out of his way. At least that is how the legend goes as captured in the dime novels, movies, and TV shows about the American Wild West. Terry Treadwell’s compilation of real outlaws in the late 19th Century frontier country paints a different picture, one where romance is often replaced by savage reality.
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Treadwell’s thirty-eight criminal histories cover the usual suspects – Butch and Sundance, the James brothers, Billy the Kid – and strips them of their mythologies. Most of his readers will have heard of those and probably won’t be that surprised that the glitter of Hollywood is mostly fairy dust. Some readers will also recognise the ‘Cowboys’, the Dalton brothers, the Wild Bunch, and the surprisingly disappointing Calamity Jane. Treadwell’s exploration into the lesser known outlaws, however, reveals a wide diaspora of criminals from different racial and ethnic groups and class backgrounds. No one, it seems, was immune from the criminality ‘gene’, and the degree of lawlessness did not appear to depend on any background trait either, except perhaps bad luck or poor decision-making. Indeed, Treadwell highlights some truly psychopathic individuals like Cullen Baker and William Longley, among others.
On the face of it, Treadwell’s compilation of stories is a well-written, entertaining collection, but reading them all in one go will wear down your good humour. His stories are also illustrated with photographs – many outlaws enjoyed having their portrait taken, though Treadwell includes many of their sharply contrasting posed death photographs that frontier law enforcement enjoyed equally. Dig deeper into these stories, however, and you discover a Wild West scarred by racism and bigotry, a failure of capitalism on the fringes, and, of course, violence and vigilantism. In that regard, Outlaws of the Wild West is more than a collection of stories but a thought-provoking exposure of a fissure in American history.
by RNS | Jun 18, 2021 | Beating Tsundoku
Will Yates, War Trials (Pen & Sword, 2021)
War Trials examines the corrosive effect the war in Iraq has had on the people and institutions that became involved in the debacle. At its heart is the story of a young Irish Guardsman, Joe McCleary, who is accused of a war crime in British occupied Basra and breaks into pieces under the intolerable mental weight of the event and the investigation that follows. But he is not the only one on trial in Yates’ superb investigation into the decision makers at all levels whose actions put this man into an impossible situation and to all intents and purposes left him there to rot.
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Part I opens in blitz-shattered Bootle that McCleary’s grandparents struggled to survive. Post-war dreams faded more slowly for the town, and it was into this damaged environment that Joe McCleary joined the world in 1981. Yates switches to Basra in May 2003 and the search for an Iraqi boy drowned in the canal. A complaint is made to the British army by the boy’s father and an investigation begun that homes in on Joe McCleary of the Irish Guards. Yates continues to alternate stories in this fashion, narrating the investigation while allowing the background biography of McCleary to catch up with events. That happens with dramatic intensity when McCleary cracks under the pressure of the investigation and his experiences as a soldier. He is in very deep trouble.
Yates’s focus shifts in Part II to the war in Iraq. He spirals in from the causes of the war to the preparations by the British Army and McCleary’s role in it. Meanwhile, the investigation continues, and Joe’s mental decline accelerates. He has PTSD, but who wouldn’t based on the case Yates builds through these chapters, recounting atrocities on both sides in a war that should never have been fought? Yates flips around between the horrors of Basra and the dislocation of Bootle, the two melting together in McCleary’s shattering mind. The intertwining narratives are harrowing but necessary if we are to enter into McCleary’s world.
McCleary’s impending court martial set against a backdrop of terrorist attacks opens Part III. McCleary adds paranoia to his assembly of symptoms as his trial approaches. That took place in April 2006, but Joe McCleary’s personal trials had already taken place in Iraq, and his trial and subsequent naming in wider inquiries continued his ordeal well past the time when it should have been settled. Yates keeps that story bubbling while revealing what happened in Basra on the day that changed McCleary’s life.
War Trials is a searing indictment of the war in Iraq, the British Army, and a succession of British governments who did next to nothing to help soldiers like Joe McCleary caught up in their machinery. Yates’ writing is brilliant, exposing layer after layer of a modern horror story while keeping a sharp focus on the tragic destiny of the young soldier. His descriptive passages of the war claw at the emotions – I was reminded of Michael Herr’s unforgettable book on Vietnam, Dispatches. There are excuses for why all this happened, but Yates eviscerates any attempt at providing reasons. If War Trials does not leave you feeling angry that all this happened and could easily happen again, go back and start again. This is easily the best book I have read this year and perhaps the best written about the senseless war in Iraq.
by RNS | Jun 13, 2021 | Beating Tsundoku
Dan Hagedorn & Mario Overall, The Caribbean Legion and its Mercenary Air Forces 1947-1950 (Lime Tree Press, 2021)
Welcome to the post-World War II world of the Caribbean Legion, an organisation dedicated to the overthrow of dictatorships in the region and the implementation of democracies. Dan Hagedorn and Mario Overall are experts in warfare in this part of the world, and in this book they guide us through the exploits of the Legion with an emphasis on their use of a makeshift airforce.
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Hagedorn and Overall begin by establishing the political context of a Caribbean region in flux during and shortly after WWII. They trace the origins of that into the promotion of democracy from the 1920s onwards in opposition to dictatorships in the region. The Caribbean Legion would take up that mantle after the War and had coalesced into an organization by February 1946. Their first serious test was the Cayo Confites affair, an attempt to remove the Dominican Republic dictator Rafael Trujillo. This was a failure but created the first air component for the Legion, the ELA at this point, with a transport service and some US warplanes. In short order, they had themselves a handy little airforce. They also acquired a few ships to support their invasion of the Dominican Republic. And then it all fell apart, including their collective arrest and transfer to Guatemala.
The Legion’s next adventure in 1948 was more successful, helping to knock over the Costa Rican government as part of the civil war that swept that nation, though few of the men took part in the actual combat. Their makeshift airforce was again prominent with some interesting modifications to some of the planes to turn them into fighting craft. The Legion’s leaders had outstayed their welcome in Costa Rica by January 1949, though most of the men had left by then. The Legion’s followed that with a return to the Dominican Republic to remove Trujillo. The planned airborne ‘invasion’ was an unmitigated fiasco. Subsequent diplomatic moves in the region heralded the end of the Legion. The authors add appendices on the various airplanes of the Legion, the Dominican military, and the Nicaraguan Air Force.
Hagedorn and Overall tell a fascinating tale of high ideals and low skulduggery as they piece together the exploits of the Caribbean Legion. They do so in an almost journalistic style replete with personal commentary and asides that makes this a fast read; perhaps a bit too much at times as the uninitiated reader struggles to hold on to the details. I sensed that there was a much bigger book in this if more of the background could have been fleshed out. Nevertheless, they capture the chaotic events involving the Legion very well and they clearly know their material. They are supported in their endeavour by some excellent photographs of warplanes. Readers interested in air warfare and post-War Caribbean conflict will enjoy this very much.
